Oleum Olivae.  Olive Oil, U.S.P.
    Olea europaea, Linne'.  A fixed oil obtained from the ripe fruit.
    PLANT. -- When wild a branched, thorny shrub; under cultivation a tree 3-9 M. (10-30 degrees) high, resembling white willow; bark grayish-white; leaves 5-6 Cm. (2-2 2/5') long, lanceolate, acute, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, upper side glaucous-green, the lower silvery-white; flowers many, small, creamy-white, diandrous, racemes; fruit drupe, 12-25 Mm. (1/2-1') long, ovoid, pointed, olive-green then deep purple, sarcocarp firm, fleshy, internally greenish and filled with oil; stone (putamen) thick, bony, ovoid, 1-seeded.
    CONSTITUENTS. -- FRUIT (SARCOCARP): Fixed oil 70 p.c., water 25 p.c.
    Oleum Olivae.  Olive Oil. -- It is a pale yellow, light greenish-yellow, oily liquid, slight peculiar odor and taste, faintly acrid after-taste; slightlsoluble in alcohol, miscible with ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide; sp. gr. 0.915; cooled from 10-8 degrees C. (50-46 degrees F.) Somewhat cloudy from separation of crystalline particles, at 0 degrees C. (32 degrees F.) forms whitish, granular mass; contains olein 70 p.c., linolein 6 p.c., palmitin and arachin 28 p.c.,  phytosterin (unsaponifiable matter, once thought to be cholesterin), chlorophyll (from fruit, imparting greenish color).  Tests: 1. Mix in test-tube 5 cc. with 5 cc. of equal vols. of amyl alcohol and carbon disulphide, containing 1 p.c. of precipitated sulphur in solution, immerse to one-third its depth in boiling, saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution -- no reddish color in 15 minutes (abs. of cottonseed oil).  2. Mix 2 cc. With 1 cc. of hydrochloric acid containing 1 p.c. of sucrose, shake half a minute, let stand 5 minutes, add 3 cc. of distilled water, shake -- acid layer shows no pink color (abs. of sesame oil).  Should be kept cool, in well-closed containers.  Dose, adult, 3ss-1 (15-30 cc.), when for gall-stones 3 viij-16 (240-480 cc.); infant, 3j-2 (4-8 cc.), in emulsion.
    ADULTERATIONS. -- Chiefly cottonseed oil, also peanut, poppy, rape, and sesame oils, etc., rarely less than 25 p.c.; all of these congeal at much lower temperature, and do not solidify when shaken with mercuric nitrate (12), as does pure olive oil.
    Commercial. -- Tree is grown successfully in California, but our supply of oil comes solely from Europe, it being obtained by crushing ripe fruit short of the putamen, subjecting marc, in coarse bags, to strong pressure, and running oil into vessels containing water, from which, after a few days subsidence, it is skimmed, thus constituting the first grade, huile vierge -- virgin oil; the press-cakes are taken from the bags, finely broken up with hot water, and subjected to greater pressure, thereby removing both water and oil, the latter being drawn off from the surface, constituting second-grade oil; the remaining marc contains 9-12 p.c. of oil, which may be extracted by carbon disulphide, or by mixing with hot water in cisterns (enfer), and allowing partial fermentation, yielding on the surface a disagreeably smelling oil, huile d'enfer; sometimes inferior fruit is allowed to ferment in heaps or vats, giving by expression also an inferior oil, huile fermentee.  In order to combine perfume, fineness, and sweetness the oil must be from fruit slightly ripe, and then stored 6-8 months, until the strong flavor has disappeared; it enters commerce in bottles, jugs, and barrels, under the brands: Provence, Florence, Gallipoli, Spanish, Sicily -- the best from S. France, the most from Italy (one-half), and Spain (one-fifth).
    PREPARATIONS. -- 1. Sapo.  Soap.  (Syn., Olive Oil Castile Soap, Sodium Oleate; Br. Sapo Durus, Hard Soap; Fr. Savon Medicinae, Savon blanc d'Espagne; Ger. Sapo medicatus -- (hispanicus), Medizinische Seife, Seife, Spanische Seife.)
    Manufacture: Olive oil and sodium hydroxide are boiled together until saponified -- C₃H₅(C₁₈H₃₃O₂)₃ + 3NaOH equals 3NaC₁₈H₃₃O₂ (hard soap) + C₃H₅(OH)₃.  It is a white, whitish solid (in bars), hard, yet easily cut when fresh, or a fine, yellowish-white powder, faint, characteristic odor, free from rancidity, disagreeable, alkaline taste; soluble in water, alcohol, more readily with heat; aqueous solution alkaline.  Impurities: Water, soap from animal fats, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, silica, metallic and other alcohol-insoluble substances.
    Preps.: 1. Linimentum Saponis.  Soap Liniment.  (Syn., Lin. Sapon., Liquid Opodeldoc, Tinctura Saponis Camphorata, Spiritus Nervinus Camphoratus; Fr. Liniment savonneux camphre; Ger. Linimentum saponato-camphoratum, Opodeldok.)
    Manufacture: 6 p.c.  Dissolve camphor 4.5 Gm., oil of rosemary 1 cc. in alcohol 70 cc., add soap 6 Gm., water q.s. 100 cc.; agitate until soap dissolved, set in cool place for 24 hours, filter; used externally.
    Preps.: 1. Linimentum Chloroformi, 70 p.c.  2. Linimentum Aconiti et Chloroformi, N.F. 75 p.c.
    2. Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum, 15 p.c.  3. Pilulae Aloes, 2 gr. (.13 Gm.).  4. Pilulae Asafoetidae, 1 gr. (.06 Gm.).  5. Dentifricium, N.F. 5 p.c.  5. Emplastrum Saponis, N.F., 10 p.c.  7. Lavatio Ori, N.F., 6 p.c., + gluside 1/5 p.c., fuchsin 1/500, ol. cinnam., ol. Menth. pip., aa, ½ ol. caryoph.  1, alcohol 75, water q.s. 100.  8. Linimentum Saponato-Camphoratum, Solid Opodeldoc, N.F., sod. carb. monohyd. 1 Gm., acid. stear.  5, camphor 2.5, water 10 cc., ol. thymi .3, ol. rosmar. .6, aq. ammon. 5, alcohol q.s. 100.  9. Pilulae Aloes et Asafoetidae, N.F., 1 ½ gr. (.09 Gm.).  10 Pilulae Rhei, N.F., 1 gr. (.06 Gm.).
    2. Emplastrum Plumbi Oleatis, q.s.  3. Curatio Paraffini, N.F., 3 p.c.  4. Emplastrum Fuscum Camphoratum, N.F., 60 p.c.  5. Linimentum Calaminae, N.F., 50 p.c.  6. Oleum Phenolatum, N.F., 95 p.c.  7. Unguentum Fuscum, N.F., 25 p.c.  7. Unguentum Fuscum, N.F. 25 p.c.
    Unoff. Preps.: Compound Pill of Soap (Br.), 60 p.c., + opium 20, syrup of glucose 20, dose, gr. 2-4 (.13-.26 Gm.).  Curd Soap (Br.).
    PROPERTIES. -- Nutritious, demulcent, emollient, laxative, protection to mucous membrane against acrid or poisonous substances; it increases secretion of bile, peristalsis, and dissolves cholesterin, the chief constituent of gall-stones. Like other oils, it is partly emulsified and saponified in the intestines, its glycerin being set free, and fatty acid combining with free alkalies to form soap, which with the emulsion forms molecular basis of the chyle; it enters the blood through the lacteals, being finally oxidized into carbon dioxide and water.  Soap has same properties.
    USES. -- Gall-stones, cantharides and other poisoning, infantile constipation in enema.  Externally--burns, skin inflammations, to protect from air, insect-bites, stings, bruises, sprains, wounds, engorged mamae, rectal ascarides; facilitates removal of crusts, scales, etc., and introduction of bougies, catheters, pessaries, sounds, specula; to lubricate machinery, in making liniments, plasters, cerates, ointments, etc.
    Allied Products:
    1. Olive Gum, Lecca Gum. -- Resinous substance which exudes spontaneously from the trees.  2. Leaves and young bark; used externally as astringents, antiseptics; internally as tonics in intermittents.  3. Olive Wood; has beautiful veins, pleasant odor, capable of fine polish, highly esteemed for backs of brushes, boxes, and in cabinet-work.  4. Olive Fruit; as a dessert -- for this the unripe fruit is steeped repeatedly in water containing lime and ashes, or solutions of NaOH and NaCl, then bottled in a slightly aromatic, concentrated salt solution; the small French or Provence and the large Spanish olives, "Queen olive," are used for this purpose.  Ripe olive, Cal. -- purplish-black; oil 50 p.c.; aperient.
 

Opopanax

    Opop'anax Opopanax (Chiro'nium). -- S. Europe.  Root and stem exude yellowish milk, hardening into reddish-brown tears, having a waxy luster, and a bitter, balsamic taste.
 

Origanum

    Orig'anum vulga're, Wild Marjoram. -- The herb, U.S.P. 1820-1850; 1870-1880; Asia, Europe, N. Africa, naturalized in N. America.  Perennial herb, .3-.5 M. (12-18') high; stem square, purplish, downy; leaves 2.5 Cm. (1') long, ovate, entire, pellucid-punctate, hairy beneath, flowers pale purple, calyx 5-toothed, corolla 2-lipped, 4 exserted didynamous stamens, aromatic, pungent, bitter; contains volatile oil 1 p.c., bitter principle, resin, tannin.  Oleum Origani, U.S.P. 1820-1850, 1870; consists mainly of terpene, C₁₀H₁₆.  Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, tonic, fomentation; dyspepsia, indigestion, nausea, colic, rheumatism, neuralgia; in infusion.  Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.); oil used in liniments, carious teeth, flatulence, mv-10 (.3-.6 cc.).  The closely allied Origanum Majora'na, Sweet Marjoram, is cultivated largely, being used as a condiment in cooking.
 

    Ourouparia gambir, (Hunter) Baillon. The dried aqueous extract prepared from the leaves and twigs, yielding not less than 70 p.c. water-soluble extractive, nor less than 60 p.c. alcohol-soluble extractive.
    Habitat.  E. India Islands.
    Syn.  Gambier, Terra Japonica; Br. Catechu, Catechu Pallidum, Pale Catechu; Fr.  Gambir cubique; Ger. Gambir Catechu, Gutta Gambir.
    Ou-rou-pa'ri-a.  Native name -- ... , a Carib. name of the type species, fr. Gr....,  a tail, tailed +,  -- i.e., the seed.
    Gam'bir.  Native Malayan name of the extract.
    PLANT. -- Strong shrubby climber, stem woody, often angular; leaves oblong-ovate, 7.5-10 Cm. (3-4') long, petiolate, acuminate, entire, smooth; flowers small, pinkish, in clusters, calyx and corolla 5-divided, stamens 5, ovary 2-celled; fruit 2.5 Cm. (1') long, narrow, ovoid tapering at each end, dehiscent, pericarp dry; seed numerous, minute, pale brown, rough, tailed at each end.  EXTRACT (gambir), usually in cubical or rectangular masses 20-30 Mm. (4/5-1 1/5') broad, grayish, reddish-brown, dull, porous, friable; internally light brown, dark gray color; inodorous; taste bitterish, very astringent.  POWDER, light brown -- masses of acicular crystals, few starch grains, .005-.030 Mm. (1/5000/1/833') broad, epidermal fragments, few thick-walled, wavy non-glandular hairs.  Solvents: water dissolves 65 p.c.; alcohol 60 p.c.  Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.).
    Commercial. -- The extract is made by boiling young leafy shoots in water for 6 hours, with continued stirring and bruising, evaporating decoction to proper consistency, allowing to cool under constant and peculiar stirring; within half an hour the gambir suddenly contracts and thickens, possibly by the sudden crystallization of the catechin.  It is allowed to harden in various forms, the purest in thin cakes, flakes, small cubes.  Nearly all exported in wooden cases from Singapore.
    CONSTITUENTS. -- Tannic acid 25-38 p.c., Catechin (catechuic acid) 20-29 p.c., ash 9 p.c.
    PREPARATIONS. -- 1. Tinctura Gambir Composita.  Compound Tincture of Gambir.  (Syn., Tr. Gambir Co., Compound Tincture of Pale Catechu; Fr. Teinture de Gambir; Ger. Gambirtinktur.)
    Manufacture: 5 p.c.  Similar to Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, page 137 -- using gambir 5 Gm., cinnamon 2.5; menstruum: diluted alcohol q.s. 100 cc.  Dose, 3ss-2 (2-8 cc.).
    Prep.: 1. Tinctura Opii et Gambir Composita, N.F., 6.4 p.c.
    Unoff. Preps.: Fluidextract. Infusion.  Pulvis Gambir Compositus, 40 p.c., + kino 20, krameria 20, cinnamon 10, myristica 10, dose, gr. 10-45 (.6-3 Gm.).  Troches, 1 gr. (.06 Gm.), dose, 1 occasionally.
    PROPERTIES. -- Similar to tannic acid, astringent, tonic.  The darker colored product is most powerful, acting more energetically and harshly than kino.
    USES. -- Diarrhea, leucorrhea, gonorrhea, cough, chronic sore throat, phthisis, bronchitis, hemorrahages, relaxed uvula, ulcerated nipples, chronic ulcers, relaxed oral mucous membrane and spongy gums (mouth-wash).  In the arts -- calico printing, dyeing, tanning, as an ingredient in boiler compounds to prevent formation of scaly crusts from certain kinds of water.