Improvement of Circulation Using
The Radial Appliance
Douglas G. Richards, Ph.D., David McMillin,
M.A., Carl Nelson, D.C., & Eric Mein, M.D.
Meridian Institute
Virginia Beach, VA 23454
[NOTE: This article was published in Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine,
Vol. 7, No. 1, 1996; see
below for continuing
education credit for this article.]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if
a subtle energy device, the Cayce Radial Appliance, could improve circulation
in the extremities. There were two aspects to the study: a double-blind,
placebo-controlled experiment and a small clinical investigation.
In the experiment, 30 subjects were selected for cold extremities, with
the criterion that either the hands or the feet had to be below 80 degrees
F during the initial measurement session. To measure improvement
of circulation, we used digital thermometers to record the temperatures
of the thumbs and big toes on both hands and feet. Subjects were
instructed to use the appliance 16 times; laboratory measurements were
taken during the 1st, 4th and 16th sessions.
Skin temperature turned out to be a difficult
variable to work with, due to the wide variability in temperature apparently
not related to the experimental situation. The strongest results
were observed in the 4th session. During the session baseline,
the difference between hand and foot temperatures of the experimental group
was significantly higher than that of the control group (t(13,11) = 2.49,
p = .02).
The 16th session did not yield significant differences
between the experimental and control groups. However, in the experimental
group, there was a correlation of r(9) = -.56 (p = .07) of hand temperature
increase with the number of days it took to complete the 16 sessions.
That is, those subjects who were more consistent in using the appliance
may have obtained better results, though statistically the result is only
suggestive due to the small sample size.
In contrast, in a clinical follow-up study with
five subjects and no control group, we found that all subjects had a substantial
increase in hand temperature following three sessions on the appliance
(Mean increase = 8.4 degrees F, SD = 3.3). This increase was well
in excess of that seen in either the experimental or control groups in
the previous study. One important difference was that in the clinical
study, use of the appliance was closely supervised, whereas in the blind
study most of the appliance sessions were conducted by the subjects alone
in their homes.
Keywords: circulation, temperature, Cayce, Radial
Appliance
Improvement of Circulation Using The Radial Appliance
Introduction
The Radial Appliance is an electrical device intended
to balance the subtle energies of the body. It was developed by a
group of inventors in the 1920s and 1930s with guidance from the Edgar
Cayce readings. Edgar Cayce has been acknowledged in an editorial
in the Journal of the American Medical Association as the originator of
holistic medicine.1 Yet despite widespread application
of Cayce's principles, few have been tested in controlled situations.
While in a trance state, Edgar Cayce gave over
14,000 discourses on health and other topics, known as readings.
The first Cayce reading on the Radial Appliance was given on July 27, 1925
for Thomas Brown, a businessman from Akron, Ohio (Reading 1800-4).2
Over the next 15 months, Brown obtained 10 more readings on all aspects
of construction and therapeutic application. Cayce encouraged him
to experiment and come up with improvements, and would then critique those
improvements. Several more experimenters worked with the device.
The design in this study is based on the accumulated knowledge ending with
the last appliance reading on October 14, 1941 (Reading1800-33).2
In Cayce's time the most common name for the device was the "Radio-Active"
Appliance; in the pre-atomic energy era, radioactivity was considered to
be a benign force, although the appliance contained no radioactive elements.
We have chosen to call it the "Radial" Appliance in this study, based on
the "radial action" to the extremities. McMillin and Richards3
give more details on the history of the appliance. In the form used
in this study, the Radial Appliance consists of two pieces of "60%" carbon
steel (0.6% or 1060 steel), separated by two pieces of glass, surrounded
by carbon blocks and charcoal, and sealed in a brass container. Electrically
the device is a capacitor, and produces no voltage of its own. It
is "activated" by being placed in ice water. The steel plates are
connected to the body by wires with electrodes made of German Silver (a
nickel alloy). Figure 1 is a diagram of the
construction of the appliance.
The pattern of connection to the body varies
with the intended use of the appliance. For improving circulation,
one electrode is connected to the wrist, and the other to the opposite
ankle. In successive uses, the electrode pattern is rotated around
the extremities to balance the energy distribution.
The appliance is similar in construction and use
to the Eeman biocircuit, a device invented in the 1920s by L. E.
Eeman.4 Substantial anecdotal evidence
exists for the efficacy of the Eeman device.5 In addition,
a double-blind, placebo-controlled study by Isaacs and Patten has shown
the Eeman device to significantly change both subjective states and physiological
measurements.6 Like the Eeman device, the Cayce appliance
produces no voltage and relies on the body's own electricity for its effect.
A small study at the Fetzer Energy Medicine Research Institute yielded
promising preliminary results with the Cayce Radial Appliance affecting
blood chemistry.7
The Cayce appliance was recommended frequently
in the readings (933 times), often for relaxation and "equalization of
circulation." Specifically, in a number of readings, the appliance was
supposed to improve poor circulation for people with cold hands and feet:
"We would also use, in the REST periods - which
should be taken each day - the Radio-Active Appliance, that makes for COORDINATIONS
from the distresses in the extremities. This will relieve that tendency
of cold feet, that tendency of the poor circulation in the extremities."
(Reading 326-1)2
Unlike many Cayce prescriptions, which were specific
for individuals, the Radial Appliance had widespread application:
"The Radio-Active battery would be good for EVERYBODY!...This
assists in keeping an equilibrium." (Reading 202-7)2
Cayce also recommended the appliance as part of
the treatment for many specific disorders, among them migraine headaches.
By re-directing blood flow to the hands, in a manner analogous to the now
commonly used temperature biofeedback, the appliance could help in reducing
headaches.
Anecdotal reports over the years have suggested
that the appliance is useful for improving circulation. However,
since the use of the appliance includes hour-long relaxation periods while
the person is connected to the device, we felt it important to assess the
contribution of the placebo effect as well as clinical outcomes.
Experimental Study
The purpose of the experimental study was to determine
if the effects of the appliance on circulation could be measured using
the temperature of the extremities, under double-blind conditions.
Our criterion for the subjects in this study required only cold hands or
cold feet. Since Cayce said the appliance would be good for everybody,
the presence or absence of a specific disease was not a criterion for inclusion
or exclusion. We hypothesized that there would be differences between
the experimental and control groups including (1) overall increases in
the temperature of the extremities, and (2) changes in the temperature
difference between the hands and the feet.
Method
Subjects
The subjects were volunteers who identified themselves
as having cold hands or feet. The nature, potential benefits, and
potential risks of participating in the study were explained to prospective
subjects, and were detailed on a written consent form. For some subjects,
there was a screening process in which they measured the temperatures of
their own extremities at home. For the others, the screening was
performed during the first measurement of baseline temperature in the laboratory.
The screening criterion was that either the hands or feet had to be below
80 degrees F, measured at the thumb and big toe. There were 4 male
subjects and 26 female subjects; the mean age was 48.9 (SD = 14.1).
One male subject was dropped from the study during the initial baseline
when his temperatures rose above the criterion; we continued to collect
data, but did not include it in the analysis. Several other subjects
were excluded from the data analysis at later times, as explained in the
results section.
The temperature differences between experimental
and control groups in the initial baseline were not statistically significant
(See Results and Table 2).
There was no restriction as to the medical condition
causing the cold hands or feet. Most of the subjects had never been
diagnosed with any medical condition affecting circulation. Some
had been diagnosed with circulatory problems such as diabetes or Raynaud's
syndrome. Others had medical conditions that could conceivably affect
circulation such as high blood pressure, lupus erythematosus, and Parkinson's
disease.
Appliances
Radial Appliances were obtained from Tom Dewey
(Dewey Transformational Technologies, 1168 First Colonial Road, Suite 7,
Virginia Beach, VA 23454). They were constructed according to the
specifications in the Cayce readings (1800 series) as discussed in McMillin
and Richards.3 All appliances were identical. Half
were turned into placebo devices by construction of plugs with unconnected
wires inside, filled with epoxy. The wires were divided randomly
into two groups by an independent research assistant who kept the key during
the duration of the experiment. The researchers having contact with
the subjects were not aware of which subjects had the experimental or control
wires. The appliances and their wires were numbered consecutively
from 1 to 30, and were assigned to subjects in the order of their entry
into the project.
Session Protocol
The temperatures of each subject were measured
in the laboratory three times. Each session lasted 2 hours.
All sessions were scheduled in the afternoon and early evening to minimize
the effect of diurnal body temperature variations. (Body temperature
is relatively steady during these hours, but drops during the night, and
rises again in the morning.) The subjects used the appliances at home for
13 times, for 1 hour each time. The sequence of laboratory and home
sessions is given in Table 1.
Session 1
The subject would arrive at the laboratory.
The researcher would follow a checklist to conduct the session, checking
off each step as it was performed. These steps included:
- explanation of the project and filling out of
forms, including informed consent (15 minutes),
- baseline measurement of temperatures, during
which there was an explanation of the home use of the appliance (30 minutes),
- attachment to the appliance and measurement
of temperatures (60 minutes).
Timing of the sessions was adhered to rigorously
in order to minimize variability due to outdoor temperature. The
first baseline temperature measurements of the extremities were made exactly
15 minutes after the subject entered the laboratory, and every 10 minutes
thereafter.
At the beginning of the baseline period and the
end of the session, questionnaires were completed by the subjects on their
subjective perception of relaxation, as well as hand, foot, and overall
temperature. At the end there was a question on subjective opinion
of whether the appliance was real or a placebo.
Sessions 4 and 16
The same procedure used for Session 1 was followed,
but the filling out of forms and explanations of the project were eliminated.
Time was allowed for the subject to ask questions and practice setting
up the appliance, if necessary.
Laboratory Measurement
Temperatures were measured using digital thermometers
with fast-responding sensors (2 second response time). The thermometers
(Model No. SC911 - Conscious Living Foundation, Drain, Oregon) are
standard indoor/outdoor thermometers, sold for biofeedback training.
The specifications list an accuracy of +- 1.8 degrees F. Since we
desired greater accuracy, we obtained 10 thermometers and calibrated them
against each other at both ends of the range of interest (68 degrees to
96 degrees). Calibration consisted of taping the sensors to skin
(big toe for 68 degrees and underarm for 96 degrees). Six of the
10 thermometers matched within 0.2 degrees, and were used to measure the
room temperature, the temperatures of the extremities, and the outdoor
temperature.
The following measurements were taken every 10
minutes: room temperature, each hand, and each foot. Mouth temperature
was taken at the beginning of the baseline period and at the end of the
session (there was no consistent variation and it is not included in the
Results section). Outdoor temperature in the shade was taken once
in the middle of the session using one of the calibrated digital thermometers.
Room temperature was maintained at between 68
and 72 degrees F. A heat pump providing both heating and air conditioning
was used. The blower was left on continuously to provide a smooth
background noise, and to prevent layering of temperature in the room.
Measured mean room temperature was not significantly different among the
three sessions, and was 70.5 degrees F (SD = 0.4).
Home Use of Radial Appliances
We based the protocol for home use of the appliances
on the advice in the Cayce readings. The readings suggest that the
appliance should be used for a minimum of one hour at a session, while
resting quietly. It can be used as frequently as every night, and
in general was recommended to be used at least 4 times per week.
Preliminary measurements with a single subject suggested that substantial
temperature changes might be seen by the fourth session.
Subjects were given instructions for home use
of the appliance and supervised in practice during their first session.
They were told to use the appliance twice before their next session in
the lab, which would be their fourth session on the appliance. Following
that session in the lab, they were instructed to use the appliance 11 more
times, and come back for a final session in the lab within a month.
An appointment was made during the second session for the final session.
Thus, if correctly following the protocol, the subject would use the appliance
a total of 16 times within a month. The minimum time in which this
could be completed was 16 days, if the appliance was used every day.
For each time of use, the subjects were provided
with a data sheet giving instructions for the attachments of the electrodes,
and questions about their appliance use.
Results
We used a pretest/posttest design, in which the
changes from the Session 1 baseline period (prior to the first connection
to an appliance) would be compared between experimental and control groups
for Sessions 4 and 16. Since this was an exploratory study, and we
were interested in all possible effects, we also looked at absolute differences
in temperature in Sessions 4 and 16 between experimental and control groups.
Because of variability in subject compliance with the protocol, the changes
between Sessions 1 and 4, and Sessions 1 and 16 are analyzed separately,
rather than being combined in a method such as repeated measures analysis
of variance. Most subjects complied well with the protocol during
the first week, but following Session 4 there was wide variation in the
time taken to complete all the home sessions. The effect of this
variability is analyzed later in the results section.
For each laboratory session 40 measurements of
extremity temperature were taken (4 limbs x 10 ten-minute time intervals).
Selection of an appropriate dependent variable presents some challenges,
since the measurements are highly correlated. Prior to breaking the
double-blind condition, we made the following decisions for data reduction:
Baseline Temperature. To minimize the effects
of outdoor temperature, the final two 10-minute measurements in the baseline
period were averaged to yield the "baseline" temperature for each extremity.
Including the 15-minute interval prior to the baseline, these measurements
were taken 35 and 45 minutes after the subject entered the laboratory.
Final Temperature. The "final" temperature
for each extremity was the average of the last two temperature measurements
in the session; that is, after being attached 50 and 60 minutes to the
appliance. In general, there was very little change between 50 and
60 minutes. This average was intended to smooth out any brief temperature
variations.
Left/Right Averaging. The left/right temperature
differences in the subjects were generally small, so for the analysis,
the hand and foot temperatures given are averages of the left and right
extremities.
To simplify the data presentation, in all but
one case the baseline temperatures are used for each session, rather than
the final temperatures, because the differences between sessions and groups
are more pronounced in the baseline condition. The trend of the final
temperatures is the same as that of the baseline temperatures, but the
magnitude is less. This is due to a general cooling and convergence
of the temperatures of the extremities during prolonged measurement in
a cool room, an effect reported by Yates.8
Of the 30 subjects enrolled in the study, 29 completed
Session 1, 26 completed Sessions 1 and 4, and 23 completed all three laboratory
sessions and the 11 home sessions according to the protocol.
Session 1 (1st Laboratory Session) Baseline
Temperatures
During the baseline period, none of the variables
differed significantly between the experimental and control groups (Table
2).
Session 4 (2nd Laboratory Session) Baseline
Temperatures
Changes From Session 1 to Session 4. In
both the experimental and control groups, the hands and feet increased
in temperature from Session 1. For the hands, the increase in the
experimental group was over three times greater than in the control group,
but the difference between groups was not significant for the hands or
the feet, due to the wide range of variability in both groups. The
difference between the hands and the feet was also not significant.
See Table 3.
Absolute Temperatures In Session 4. When
absolute temperatures are used, rather than the change in temperature,
there is a significant difference between the experimental and control
groups in the hand-foot temperature difference. This is primarily
due to hand warming, as evidenced by the almost significant difference
in absolute hand temperatures between the experimental and control groups.
There was no difference in the foot temperatures. See Table
4.
Relationship To Outdoor and Room Temperatures.
The correlations of all of the dependent variables with outdoor and room
temperature were low and not significant. (Mean correlation with
outdoor temperature, r = .03; mean correlation with room temperature, r
= -.07.) This demonstrates that the room temperature was held sufficiently
steady as to not be an influence in the results, and that the combination
of the pre-baseline and baseline periods was sufficient for elimination
of the effects of outdoor temperature.
Session 16 (3rd Laboratory Session) Temperature
Changes
By Session 16, the differences between experimental
and control groups were no longer significant, either in comparison with
temperatures in Session 1, or in absolute terms (Tables
5 and 6).
Relationship To Outdoor and Room Temperatures.
In contrast with Session 4, the difference in outdoor temperatures (but
not room temperature) between Sessions 1 and 16 did have a significant
correlation with the baseline hand temperature difference (r(21) = .58,
p = .004). There was no significant difference between the experimental
and control groups, however (t(11,10) = 1.26, p =.22). These correlations
with outdoor temperature were gone by the final temperature measurement
at the end of the session.
Despite explicit instructions on consistent use
of the appliance, between Sessions 4 and 16 many subjects found it difficult
to use the appliance as frequently as recommended. Some took as long
as 46 days to complete the experiment (vs. the intended 30 maximum),
and reported that they had had gaps in their appliance use of up to 2 weeks.
Rather than exclude them from the study, which would have left too few
subjects for any meaningful analysis, we decided to look at the possible
contribution of frequency of use to the results. Temperature differences
between Sessions 1 and 16 were correlated with the number of days to complete
the experiment. For the experimental group, final hand temperature
difference, there was a suggestive correlation of r (9) = -.56, p = 07.
For the control group, r (10) = .07, p = .83. Thus, in the experimental
group, but not in the control group, consistent use of the appliance may
well have had an effect on the final temperatures. While only statistically
suggestive, this is an important result for design of future protocols.
Since there were also some previous correlations
with outdoor temperature, a partial correlation of temperature difference
vs. number of days to complete the experiment was calculated, corrected
for outdoor temperature. For the experimental group, r(9) = -0.52
(p = .12), only slightly less than the uncorrected correlation, suggesting
that the outdoor temperature made little difference in the result.
Subjective Measure
Subjects were asked after each laboratory session
to rank, on a 1-7 scale, whether they felt their appliance was real or
a placebo. There were no significant differences between the experimental
and control groups on this measure, for any of the three laboratory sessions.
It is not surprising that the subjects were unable to detect a subjective
effect, since the Cayce readings state: "There will be little or no feeling
except as the body uses this period for meditation." (Reading 5047-1)2
Clinical Study
The purpose of the clinical study was to assess
the effectiveness of a holistic set of Cayce therapies for migraine headaches,
of which the Radial Appliance was a part. Here we report only on
the effects on hand temperature.
Method
Subjects
Five subjects (all female, mean age = 53.9, SD
= 9.3), all previously diagnosed with migraine headaches, enrolled in a
10-day residential treatment program employing Cayce therapies.
Procedures
On the initial day of the program, all subjects
received physical examinations, including measures of a variety of autonomic
nervous system parameters during a 28-minute session. Only the results
of finger temperature are reported here. Continuous temperature measurements
were made using a thermistor sensor connected to a Biopac Systems MPS-WSW
100 hardware/software package and a Gateway 2000 120 MHz computer.
Room temperature was kept between 68 and 72 degrees F. In addition,
because of the live-in nature of the project, variability due to outdoor
temperature was minimized.
During the following week, the subjects received
a variety of supervised treatments. These included 3 sessions on
the Radial Appliance, dietary changes, massage, and colonic irrigations.
We avoided biofeedback procedures or other interventions directed at hand-warming.
At the end of the week, autonomic parameters including
finger temperature were again measured according to the same protocol.
Results
All five subjects showed substantial increases
in finger temperature at the second measurement period (mean increase 8.4
degrees F, SD = 3.3). Figure 2 shows the
temperature profiles, over the 28-minute period, for the five subjects.
None reported immediate relief from headaches. However, in a 6-month
follow-up, the three subjects who continued with the program reported substantial
relief.
General Discussion
The results of the two studies tend to confirm
the hypothesis that the use of the Radial Appliance can warm the hands.
However, the high temperature variability in both the experimental and
control groups in the experimental study makes those results difficult
to interpret. The results from the five subjects in the clinical
study are strong and consistent, but the absence of a control group limits
our ability to attribute the temperature increase entirely to the Radial
Appliance.
In the experimental study, several factors may
have contributed to the variability. First, skin temperature is intrinsically
highly variable within some individuals. While for some subjects
there was little temperature fluctuation over the course of a session,
for others there was wide variation. Some women who had reported
previous "hot flashes" showed rather unstable temperatures during the sessions,
with large changes over periods of a few minutes. The literature
confirms that this is not an uncommon effect.9 Some with
specific diseases, such as diabetes and Parkinson's disease, also showed
unusual temperature patterns. One woman who developed eczema on one
foot during the project, also developed an over-10-degree difference between
her feet, the only subject to show such a difference. The criteria
to exclude subjects may need to be more stringent in future experiments.
In the experimental group, consistency of use
of the appliance appeared to be an important factor. As noted in
the Results section, many subjects failed to use the appliance as frequently
as recommended by Cayce. Frequency of use was suggestively correlated
with hand temperature in this group, but not in the control group, by the
end of Session 16.
In the control group, the occurence of substantial
hand warming in some individuals can be attributed to their behavior during
the home sessions. For example, one woman with a large increase reported
that she had previous experience in both biofeedback and meditation, and
used the 1-hour sessions to practice these techniques.
Environmental temperatures, both indoor and outdoor,
did not appear to be an important factor. Indoor temperature, which
was intentionally kept low to induce a temperature response in the subjects,
was held adequately steady. The pre-baseline and baseline periods
minimized the effects of outdoor temperature. Activity level prior
to the session could not be as easily controlled, however, and may have
increase temperature variability in both experimental and control groups.
The clinical study may have achieved more consistent
results by minimizing three important sources of variability: (1) medical
condition: all subjects had migraine headaches, (2) consistency of appliance
use: all sessions were supervised, and (3) activity levels: all were in
a residential program with planned activities, none involving strenuous
exercise near the measurement periods. On the other hand, the program
certainly encouraged a placebo effect, and the other therapies may have
contributed to hand warming. However, the average increase in hand
temperature was over 6 times higher than that in the placebo group in the
previous study, and nearly twice that of the experimental group.
References
1. J. P. Callan, Editorial: Holistic health
or holistic hoax? Journal of the American Medical Association, 241, (1979),
p.1156.
2. E. Cayce, The complete Edgar Cayce readings
on CD-ROM (A.R.E. Press, Virginia Beach, VA, 1993).
3. D. McMillin & D. G. Richards, The
radial appliance and wet cell battery: Two electrotherapeutic devices recommended
by Edgar Cayce (Lifeline Press, Virginia Beach, VA, 1995).
4. L. E. Eeman, Cooperative healing (Frederick
Muller, London, 1947).
5. L. Patten & T. Patten, Biocircuits:
Amazing new tools for energy health (H. J. Kramer, Tiburon, CA, 1988).
6. J. Isaacs, & T. Patten, A double-blind
study of the "biocircuit," a putative subtle-energy-based relaxation device,
Subtle Energies, 2, (1991), pp.1-28.
7. H. Grady, Study of the Cayce impedance
device (Fetzer Energy Medicine Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 1988).
8. A. J. Yates, Biofeedback and the modification
of behavior (Plenum, New York, 1980).
9. P. Lomax, Neuropharmacological aspects
of thermoregulation, In The nature and treatment of hypothermia.
(R. S. Pozos & L. E. Wittmers, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis,
1983).
Correspondence: Meridian Institute, 1168 First
Colonial Road, Suite 12, Virginia Beach, VA 23454, (757) 496-6009.
Acknowledgments: We thank the Morrison Trust,
San Antonio, Texas, for their generous support.
Table 1. Sequence
of appliance use and laboratory measurement.
(Temperature measurements every 10 minutes
during Sessions 1, 4, and 16)
Lab Session 1 30 minutes baseline
60 minutes attached to appliance
Home Sessions 2-3 60 minutes attached to appliance
(no measurements)
Lab Session 4 30 minutes baseline
60 minutes attached to appliance
Home Sessions 5-15 60 minutes attached to appliance
(no measurements)
Lab Session 16 30 minutes baseline
60 minutes attached to appliance |
Table 2. Session
1 Baseline temperatures (degrees F).
Experimental group Control group
Mean (SD), n = 14 Mean (SD), n =
15 t p
Hands 81.4 (8.6) 78.6 (6.4)
0.98 0.33
Feet 73.6 (4.1) 72.9 (2.6)
0.54 0.59
Hands-Feet 5.7 (5.8)
7.8 (6.2) 0.94 0.35 |
Table 3. Session
4 Baseline temperatures (degrees F), changes from Session 1.
Experimental group Control group
Mean (SD), n = 12 Mean (SD), n =
14 t p
Hands 4.46 (7.65) 1.29 (4.96)
1.27 0.22
Feet 3.48 (7.25) 3.78 (3.98)
0.13 0.89
Hands-Feet 0.98 (6.80) -2.49 (4.12)
1.60 0.12 |
Table 4. Session
4 Baseline temperatures (degrees F), absolute means.
Experimental group Control group
Mean (SD), n = 12 Mean (SD), n =
14 t p
Hands 85.1 (7.1) 79.9 (6.0)
2.01 0.06
Feet 76.8 (6.6) 76.7 (4.9)
0.06 0.95
Hands-Feet 8.3 (6.0)
3.2 (4.4) 2.49 0.02* |
Table 5. Session
16 Baseline temperatures (degrees F), changes from Session 1.
Experimental group Control group
Mean (SD), n = 11 Mean (SD), n =
12 t p
Hands 6.9 (7.7) 5.0 (7.4)
0.61 0.55
Feet 3.9 (5.7) 5.6 (4.3)
0.78 0.44
Hands-Feet 2.9 (8.1) -0.6 (7.8)
1.07 0.29 |
Table 6. Session
16 Baseline temperatures (degrees F), absolute means.
Experimental group Control group
Mean (SD), n = 11 Mean (SD), n =
12 t p
Hands 86.5 (7.4) 83.2 (6.4)
1.13 0.27
Feet 77.1 (5.7) 78.4 (6.0)
0.54 0.60
Hands-Feet 9.4 (7.1)
4.9 (5.2) 1.77 0.09 |
Figure 1. (Below)
Radial Appliance assembly. Side view, showing inside of assembled
appliance, with core surrounded by tape to prevent contact with charcoal.
Top view, showing arrangement of carbon pieces, steel, and glass - with
holes drilled in steel for insertion of binding posts. |
Figure 2. (Below) Temperature
profiles over 28 minute measurement period for the five subjects in the
clinical study. Dotted line is pre-appliance baseline, and solid
line is after three sessions on the appliance. |
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