A REVIEW OF CAYCE-BASED ENERGY MEDICINE FOR CHRONIC NEUROLOGIC
DISEASE
David McMillin, MA
Meridian Institute
December, 2002
[NOTE: This paper was presented at the 7th Annual Cayce Health Professionals
Symposium, September 15, 2002 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Click
here for the Adobe Acrobat (pdf) version.]
INTRODUCTION
Historically, interest in nerve regeneration dates to the writings of
Galen 1800 years ago [1]. Although the subject has received only
sporadic attention over the intervening centuries, the past few decades
have produced significant advances in peripheral nervous system (PNS) regeneration
in humans [2]. Several approaches to peripheral nerve regeneration
are currently being pursued. The three primary approaches are the
use of electric fields, the manipulation of Schwann cells, and treatment
with neurotrophic factors. [2, 3, 4]
In contrast to peripheral regeneration, central nervous system (CNS)
repair is problematic. Although CNS regeneration in certain fish,
amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates has been documented, CNS regeneration
in humans is not generally regarded as possible with existing technology
[5a]. However, future approaches to CNS healing may open up
new vistas on the old CNS regeneration barrier in humans [5b].
A REVIEW OF CAYCE-BASED ENERGY MEDICINE FOR CHRONIC NEUROLOGIC DISEASE
Edgar Cayce (1877-1945), identified in a JAMA editorial as a primary
influence in the development of the modern holistic medicine movement in
America [6], has also influenced the evolution of complementary and alternative
(CAM) applications in the field of energy medicine. Cayce was an
intuitive diagnostician described by one biographer as the "sleeping prophet"
[7]. For over 40 years, Cayce would lay on a couch, present information
and respond to questions from a sleep-like state. Most often, these
"readings" addressed health problems for individuals seeking his help.
Virtually the full spectrum of medical disorders were covered, including
numerous cases of neurological illness.
Perhaps the most fascinating aspect of such readings, apart from the
explanations of etiology and pathophysiology, was the insistent claim by
Cayce that the nervous system (both PNS and CNS) could be regenerated using
simple technologies applied patiently and persistently with the proper
mental and spiritual attitude. For example, in a reading describing
nervous system regeneration for brain disease, Cayce asserted:
"The PRINCIPLE [of using electrotherapy with gold or silver] being that
these change the vibratory forces . as has been given with gold and silver
in their varied conditions as may be applied to the system.... for WITH
the proper manipulations to PRODUCE coordination WITH drainage in the system,
as may be given through manipulation osteopathically, or neuropathically
given to the system under various stages, may create for a body almost
a new brain, will the patience, the suggestion, the activities in the system
BE carried out according to the conditions as necessary to be met." [8]
Cayce's treatment plan recommendations for nervous system regeneration
were fairly consistent with the formula cited above in prescribing certain
forms of electrotherapy, most often a simple chemical battery (wet cell
battery) used in conjunction with medicinal solutions incorporated into
the circuitry. Other therapeutic modalities, such as massage, spinal
manipulation, hypnotic suggestion, prayer and meditation, and diet were
usually recommended as adjuncts to the electrotherapy for systemic and
holistic effects.
The wet cell battery is a chemical battery consisting of a two gallon
container with copper and nickel rods suspended into a solution of distilled
water, copper sulfate, sulfuric acid, and zinc. The battery circuit
(Figure 1) typically incorporates a "solution jar"
containing substances such as gold chloride, silver nitrate, spirits of
camphor, or iodine. Copper and nickel plates attached to the battery
by wires are placed on the body at specific points along the spinal column
and abdomen (Figure 2). The type of solution
and location of attachment varied for depending upon the nature of the
illness and its manifestation in the body. Cayce stated that the
such an arrangement would allow the "vibration" of the medicinal agent
in the solution jar to enter the system "vibratorially." Thus, the
principle is to introduce energy and medicinal vibrations directly into
the body (bypassing the normal digestive and assimilative processes of
the alimentary canal). Edgar Cayce stated that medicines taken vibratorially
in this manner are safer with fewer side-effects than direct methods such
as oral administration.
The wet cell battery itself produces a small electric current typically
in the range of 20-35 millivolts [9]. Interestingly, this is the
average range of electrical potential that can be measured across the epidermis.
[10] Cayce insisted on such a "low electrical vibration" that would
work at the same energy level as the body rather than overwhelming it.
Essentially, the battery operation can be viewed as an information system
intended to carry a signature pattern into the body [11].
Another subtle energy device called the "radial appliance" was also
sometimes recommended for neurological disorders, although less frequently
than the wet cell battery. According to Cayce, this device can be
used to balance circulatory and nervous system functioning via subtle energies
of the body. A double-blind study with this appliance suggested that
regular use of the radial appliance could improve circulation to the extremities
[12]. McMillin and Richards [9] have described the theory, construction
and application of the radial appliance and wet cell battery in detail.
Although several individuals appear to have benefited from application
of Cayce's approach during his lifetime, the documentation is often minimal.
Likewise, in the decades since Cayce death in 1945, numerous individuals
have claimed therapeutic efficacy using Cayce-based regimens. However,
most of these anecdotes have not been published. This review will
focus only on the anecdotal reports that have been published. A later
discussion will address methodological issues with regard to this anecdotal
evidence.
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, adult-onset motor
neuron disease of unknown causation characterized by a relentless loss
of motor capabilities. Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS usually
leads to death from respiratory failure within 2 to 5 years. There is no
cure at this time. Standard medical treatment and management are
directed at symptomatic relief and extension of survival to a modest degree
[13, 14].
Baar reported significant reversal of symptoms in two cases of ALS
[15]. For confidentiality, the cases were assigned numbers:
Case # 2113
This man experienced onset of symptoms during 1992 at age 44.
Symptoms included dragging of right leg, gait instability, loss of strength
in right arm, spasticity, and extreme fatigue. A diagnosis of amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis was made in 1993 by a neurologist. Electrodiagnostic
examination was consistent with the diagnosis [15]. According to
the patient, a prognosis given in 1993 was that "I would probably be in
a wheelchair in one year. That I had better than a 50% chance of
being dead in two years, and that he would [the neurologist] would eat
his shoes if I was alive in five years." [15, p.8]
This man used a wet cell battery for twenty-four months (45-60 minutes
each day) between 1994-1996. Other alternative therapies were also
used, primarily nutritional supplementation, chelation therapy and removal
of amalgams. The disease progressed for approximately one year after
the diagnosis in 1993 and the individual began to notice a diminishing
in the progression of the symptoms in the spring of 1996 with complete
reversal of symptoms after two years of following this treatment plan.
Case # 7761
This man experienced onset of symptoms in December, 1996 and was diagnosed
with ALS in August, 1998 by a neurologist. Initial symptoms included
fasiculations in the upper left arm and shoulder. The fasiculations
then became noticeable in the calves of the left and then the right leg.
He became increasingly immobile and marginally functional with severe atrophy
of muscles in the left arm and shoulder.
In September, 1998 he began using the wet cell battery once per day
(30-35 minutes) followed by massage (30-45 minutes). Other adjunctive
therapies included the radial appliance daily (30 minutes), and ultraviolet
treatment (biweekly), improved diet, and nutritional supplements.
Although the patient began using Rilutek and Neurontin late in 1998,
he stopped taking these medications in December of that year due to side-effects.
The patient reported that the illness stopped progressing in January, 1999.
By March, 1999 reversal of symptoms were noted with regard to "muscle recovery,
increased strength and additional flexibility." [15, p. 22]
SPINAL BULBAR MUSCULAR ATROPHY
Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a rare, progressive, inherited
motor neuron disorder characterized by proximal muscle weakness, atrophy,
and muscle contractions. SBMS can mimic ALS and is clinically misdiagnosed
as such in two percent of sporadic cases [16].
Apparently David Atkinson was among this two percent when he was misdiagnosed
with ALS in 1991, which was changed in 1997 to SBMA following a definitive
test conducted at the Pennsylvania School of Medicine [17]. At the
time of the initial diagnosis, he had to wear a neck brace to hold his
head upright and was on a liquid diet because he could not swallow solid
foods. He also experienced difficulty walking.
Atkinson followed a Cayce-orient treatment plan based on a single reading
given for a person with symptoms of motor neuron disease. In addition
to the wet cell battery, massage and spinal manipulations, and mental/spiritual
healing (positive thinking, prayer and Bible study), Atkinson took small
amounts of chloride of gold solution orally as specified by Cayce in the
designated reading [18].
After 14 consecutive months on the Cayce-based regimen Atkinson noted
significant reversal of symptoms and stopped the wet cell treatments.
Currently, he travels widely, presenting his story and assisting others
who wish to apply the Cayce approach for motor neuron disease (Atkinson,
1998). Additional information on Atkinson's case is contained in
Baar's report as Case # 114 [15].
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable neurological illness involving
chronic inflammation and demyelination in the CNS resulting in symptoms
including balance and coordination problems, weakness (especially in the
legs), visual disturbances, fatigue, bladder and bowel problems, and cognitive
and emotional disturbances. The majority of MS patients experience
a relapsing course and progressive functional disability [19].
Several individuals have reported improvement in MS symptoms and quality
of life that they attributed to application of the Cayce approach.
Dudley Delaney is the most prominent, having published a book about his
recovery [20]. Delaney states that he first became aware of the illness
in 1991. His symptoms included numbness, blurred vision, difficulty
swallowing, tremors, muscle spasms, depression, fatigue, failing memory,
slurred speech, and bladder dysfunction. Within a few months he began
a Cayce-based regimen involving vibratory gold with the radial appliance,
massage and close attention to diet. Within two years he claimed
to be symptom-free [20].
Another prominent MS case involves a medical doctor diagnosed with the
disease. Ray Bjork used a complemenatary and alternative medicine
(CAM) model for treating his MS over a period of 40 years. While
utilizing all the medical treatments available for symptomatic relief of
MS, Bjork also applied a variety of alternative therapies including the
Cayce wet cell battery regimen followed by massage and other Cayce-based
modalities such Atomidine (iodine supplement) and abdominal castor oil
packs. In particular, Bjork observed notable success combining two
alternative approaches. The Shearer Regimen involved intramuscular
and oral supplementation, diet, energy conservation and stress management.
With the addition of the Cayce therapies Bjork reported, "Although I still
have multiple sclerosis, the symptoms have disappeared. This happened
as insidiously as the MS developed. There was no dramatic change
in either case. Using the Shearer and Cayce methods side by side
gives me energy enough to still keep working and to be active otherwise."
[21, p.65] Bjork provided excellent clinical documentation of remission
of symptoms and improvement in quality of life [21, p.67-69].
In addition to these individual case reports, Meridian Institute conducted
a small pilot study of MS (n = 9) using the Cayce model. Participants
spent 10 days in a live-in treatment and training program in September,
1996. Then they went home to continue the treatment protocol. Of
the original nine, seven returned six months later in March, 1997 for a
follow-up weekend to assess progress. Of the two who did not return, one
person never began the protocol, due to illness immediately following the
initial program. The other partially followed the protocol, reporting some
success, but was unable to return for the follow-up. One of the seven people
who did return had been unable to begin with the protocol until two months
before the follow-up.
The treatment protocol included daily use of the wet cell electrical
appliance with gold and Atomidine, massage, diet, and mental/spiritual
healing. Physical symptoms were assessed both by physiological measurements
of the autonomic nervous system (galvanic skin response and heart rate
variability) and by subjective questionnaires. Mental/emotional/spiritual
states were assessed by subjective questionnaires.
Subjects who followed the protocol consistently (but none completely
or perfectly) averaged moderate improvement in MS symptoms over six months,
on both subjective symptom checklists and questionnaires, and objective
measurement of GSR. Three out of the seven reported major improvement.
This rate of improvement was consistent with the typical Cayce prognosis.
At three year follow-up, one individual continued to follow the protocol,
reporting good response to the treatments [22].
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic incurable neurological disorder
of the basal ganglia characterized by tremor, muscle rigidity, slowness
of movement, and gait instability. Although symptoms of the disease
can be effectively managed for several years with medication, the syndrome
is progressive and the efficacy of standard drugs decreases with time [23].
Meridian Institute also conducted a small pilot study of PD using the
Cayce model. The format was very similar to the previously described
MS project. Ten participants took part in the project beginning in
November, 1996. Of the original ten, nine returned four months later
in March, 1997 for a follow-up weekend to assess progress.
Physical symptoms were assessed both by physiological measurements of
the autonomic nervous system (galvanic skin response and heart rate variability)
and by subjective questionnaires. Mental/emotional/spiritual states were
assessed by subjective questionnaires. Subjects who followed the
protocol consistently (but none completely or perfectly) averaged slight
to moderate improvement in Parkinson's disease symptoms over four months,
based on observation by the researchers and by subjective questionnaires.
Many minor symptoms showed interesting improvement. For example, two people
reported regaining their sense of smell, and one had improved color vision.
Several people had more facial emotional expressiveness, and reported reduced
tremors. At three year follow-up, only one person had continued to
follow the protocol consistently and reported significant symptomatic improvement
[24].
ALZHEIMER'S DEMENTIA
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, accounts
for approximately two thirds of all cases of dementia in the United States.
AD is characterized by a marked deterioration in memory and all cognitive
functions, as a result of a progressive degeneration and loss of cortical
and limbic neurons [25].
For persons suffering with from dementia, Edgar Cayce typically recommended
electrotherapy utilizing gold and silver. The readings stated that
these metals acted to stimulate the glandular system to rejuvenate the
nervous system. In one reading, Cayce actually provided a formula
for "rebuilding the brain" [8] which has been elaborated in the context
of the various therapies recommended [11, 26]. This formula (see excerpt
above) included gold and silver delivered vibratorily (wet cell battery
or radial appliance), osteopathic manipulations, suggestion, and patience.
Richards [22] and Smith [23] reported improvement in a eighty-two-year
old man with third-generation, early-onset Alzheimer's disease. In
reviewing his progress, his wife observed: ". the Wet Cell is the backbone
of the treatment that we've used. In June, 1999 we will have used
the Wet Cell for five years. Our quality of life on a scale of one to ten
would certainly be 9+ which I consider excellent and we together lead a
very busy active life." [22, pp. 12-13] This man regularly plays
bridge, drives a car and engages in numerous other normal activities of
daily living. In addition to the Cayce-based modalities, this man
has used nutritional supplementation and various other alternative therapies.
MYOTONIC MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD) is inherited as an autosomal dominant
disease characterized by multisystem disease, including myotonia, muscle-wasting,
weakness of all muscular tissues, and endocrine abnormalities [28].
Linda Caputi reported significant reversal of symptoms after one and
a half years of therapy following a Cayce-based treatment plan for MD [29].
Symptoms of MMD began to appear at age 30 but she was not diagnosed by
a neurologist as suffering from myotonic muscular dystrophy until age 48.
Her symptoms included myotonia (temporary rigidity after muscular contraction),
decreased strength and stamina, and ptosis (drooping eye and difficulty
opening eye). Her condition had progressed to the point where she
could not walk very far without getting out of breath and her legs locked
trying to get out of a chair. She also experienced significant "mental
fog and lethargy."
The therapeutic regimen included daily sessions with the wet cell battery
followed by massage, a basic diet recommended by Cayce and applied spirituality.
Caputi observed, ". within one month the mental fog began to clear.
Within two months the choking episodes subsided and I was able to walk
a bit father without tiring." She also noted less difficulty breathing.
After one and one half years on the regimen, she estimates that she is
"about 70 percent improved."
CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH SYNDROME
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most frequent inherited peripheral
motor and sensory neuropathy. CMT is characterized by a slowly progressive
degeneration of the muscles in the foot, lower leg, hand, and forearm,
and a mild loss of sensation in the limbs, fingers, and toes. Estimates
of the prevalence rate are 1 in 2500 [30].
Ann Jaffin experienced symptoms of CMT as a child and was formally diagnosed
in 1968 at age 20 at the NIH. The hereditary link was through her
father who also had CMT. Jaffin ignored the condition until 1983
when she underwent a series of electromyograms at Johns Hopkins University
Hospital. The prognosis was that she "would probably wind up in leg
braces." [31, p. 17] Motivated by a report of positive outcome
in a CMT case using the Cayce model [32], Jaffin then began using Cayce-based
therapies including the wet cell battery, massage and manipulation, and
diet.
Significant increase in symptoms in 1984 (difficulty walking) and 1986
(foot drop) further motivated her to closely follow the Cayce regimen.
In 1988 she returned to the NIH for nerve electrical conductivity tests.
Jaffin reports that a letter compared these test results to the earlier
ones at Johns Hopkins, stating "The size of the motor response has not
deteriorated, if anything, it has increased in size." [31, p.18]
Jaffin has continued the Cayce therapies for CMT regularly over the years
and reports favorable outcomes with regard to quality of life. More
recently Jaffin made the following observation:
"I've used the Cayce wet-cell battery regularly for more than 15 years
in my battle against Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Recently I became aware
of a feeling of weakness in my right lower leg, foot, and instep.
I had not been using the wet-cell as much as usual because of being away
on vacation, then returning to work, and also helping my mother who is
ill. This weak feeling gave me the incentive needed to quickly return
to serious battery use. (I alternate daily gold and silver and am currently
attaching the copper electrode to the "low" spinal position.) In
the past I would be hooked up for 30 minute sessions daily. Because
of this weak feeling, I increased the time to 45 minutes. I could feel
an improvement - that is, decrease in the weak feeling - after the first
use (gold for 45 minutes). The weakness was so much less bothersome
that I was able to forget about it for long periods the next day."
[33]
DISCUSSION
This discussion will focus on two primary areas relevant to Cayce-based
approaches to nervous system regeneration: (1) the conceptual basis for
the model and (2) methodological issues associated with researching Cayce's
ideas.
The concept of nervous system repair and regeneration via electromedicine
has been explored by numerous authors, historical and modern. In
an exhaustive review of historical development and application of electrotherapy
for various disorders including neurological disease, Licht cites numerous
forms of energy medicine, such as chemical batteries similar to Cayce's
wet cell [34].
More recently, Becker's work in the field of bioelectricity suggests
that extremely small electrical currents have a variety of major biological
effects. In researching healing of bones and limb regeneration, Becker
found that there exists a skin potential which gradates radially from the
spinal cord to the extremities, with natural voltages comparable to those
produced by the wet cell battery [10]. Becker's measurements of electrical
skin potentials associated with certain spinal centers [10, p. 96) also
parallels to some extent Cayce's utilization of these centers (brachial
and lumbar) as points of contact for the wet cell circuit (Figure
2).
The use of electrotherapy for nerve repair in the modern era has been
described. In vitro, direct current-induced (DC) electric fields
evoke neurite outgrowth that is significantly greater than controls and
the growth is consistently oriented to the cathode [3]. However,
using such technology to accelerate human nerve healing would require invasive
surgery to implant electrodes.
In contrast to specific/local applications for nerve regeneration,
the Cayce-based model is much more non-specific/systemic. The concept
in the latter appears oriented toward the body as a self-healing entity
that can be generally stimulated to promote regeneration in specific areas.
Furthermore, the use of essentially the same technology for a diverse group
of neuropathologies relies on nonspecific therapeutics characteristics
of low electrical current and certain nervines (gold and silver).
Richards et al [36] have provided an extensive review of the therapeutics
uses of gold, including gold as a nervine.
Conceptually, Cayce's perspective recognizes an innate intelligence
and vitalistic body energy system that can be therapeutically influenced
to produce whatever specific healing is required for each individual case.
Although such concepts have been invoked historically by various systems
of healing (osteopathy, chiropractic, naturopathy, etc.), innate healing
and vitalism are not generally recognized by modern researchers.
Cayce's version of vitalism has fascinating spiritual implications: "Electricity
or vibration is that same energy, same power, ye call God. Not that
God is an electric light or an electric machine, but that vibration that
is creative is of that same energy as life itself." [37] Thus the
Cayce readings emphasize spirituality as a primary healing influence, even
to the extent of prescribing subtle energy applications (such as the wet
cell battery and radial appliance) that presumably work directly with an
innate divine intelligence and vibratory energies within the body that
are the basis for all healing.
The methodological issues associated with researching the Cayce-based
approach to nervous system regeneration are considerable. We have
briefly reviewed several anecdotal reports that have been published, usually
authored by individuals who feel that they have been helped by applying
a Cayce-based treatment plan for nervous system regeneration. One
of the consistent themes noted in these reports is that the individual
who reported being healed, also reported being rebuffed or ignored by their
physicians and/or disease-oriented support group. Therefore, the
reports that are given represent individuals with sufficient motivation
and perseverance to follow a lengthy protocol, negative feedback from health
professionals and peers, and who possess adequate writing skills to complete
an article or book about their experience. In his book, Delaney lists
three other individuals who claimed to be cured using the Cayce approach
for MS (20, p. 54-55). Likewise, Atkinson states that he knows
of 10 individuals who he has assisted in reversing the symptoms of ALS
[38, p. 139]. Because of the factors cited above, it is difficult
to determine how many individuals may have had positive, unreported outcomes
from Cayce-based energy medicine.
Although there has been no systematic scientific study of the Cayce
hypothesis on nervous system regeneration, the two small pilot studies
by Meridian Institute cited above are examples of an attempt at more standardized
research. These preliminary projects helped to standardize the protocols
for working with specific diagnostic conditions and to identify problematic
areas for future research. The results suggest that the Cayce treatments
can help people with neurological disorders. However, many months of treatment
may be required before results are seen, and most patients find the treatment
protocol hard to continue in the long term. Support is a necessity.
Daily use of the wet cell followed by a massage is the core of the therapy.
Those who were able to continue usually reported notable improvement. The
challenge now is to devise ways to help people continue with the Cayce
treatments resulting in a larger group to evaluate for long term results.
With regard to methodological issues that future research must address,
the following areas of concern are noted:
Resources: The Cayce-based approach to nervous system regeneration
requires substantial resources, especially with regard to support services.
The financial burden of purchasing and maintaining the battery is an obstacle
for many individuals. The additional resources for massage and other
regular treatments is also prohibitive for persons with limited resources.
Research resources must also be increased significantly. Presently,
psychometric and simple physiological data have been used due to limited
research funding.
Compliance: We have found that treatment compliance is a major
challenge in researching the Cayce-based approach. Although most
of the therapies can be done at home by a layperson, this places a tremendous
burden on support persons. Unwillingness to make life-style changes
required by daily therapies such as the wet cell battery and massage can
bring the regimen to a quick halt.
Multimodality: The simultaneous use of numerous therapeutic modalities
vastly complicates research methodology. With regard to the Cayce-based
model for nervous system regeneration described in this article, multimodal
treatment plans utilizing energy medicine, manual therapy, diet, mind/body
healing and spirituality makes it difficult to determine the effect of
any specific intervention.
Another complicating aspect of multimodality is the simultaneous use
of complementary modalities, whether standard medicine or alternative.
In desperation, individuals with progressive neurological disorders often
use many therapies, sometimes going from one to another in rapid succession.
When asked to participate in a research format that may require many months
or years to produce positive results, it is natural that people wish to
keep their options open by trying any of the latest treatments, of whatever
source. Regardless of its nature, multimodal treatment involving
diverse therapies makes it difficult to sort out specific therapeutic effects.
Some researchers believe that "alternative therapies include too many variables
to be studied as a single entity in any type of controlled study" [39,
p. 24].
Documentation: Inadequate documentation is a serious deficit
in the anecdotal reports cited above. The preliminary attempts at
standardization by Meridian Institute and improved data collection by Baar
are indicative of a serious attempt to address this shortcoming in the
data.
Scientific advancement is often initiated by chance observation or anecdotal
reports leading to pilot studies and finally to larger scale investigations.
Within this model of scientific progress, the relative weakness of anecdotal
evidence could be viewed as part of the natural scientific process.
The desired progression in this process is toward more objective and substantial
evidence-based methodologies such as randomized clinical trials.
CONCLUSION
A growing body of anecdotal evidence suggests that a nervous system
regeneration model advocated by Edgar Cayce has been helpful for individuals
with a wide diversity of neurological conditions. The anecdotal reports
reviewed in this article are based primarily on cases where individuals
have taken it upon themselves, often without physician knowledge or approval,
to apply the Cayce regimen. Therefore the quality of the evidence
is necessarily uneven and tentative. Standardized protocols and research
formats that are now being developed may eventually lead to more substantial
evidence-based methodologies.
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Figure 1
Wet Cell Battery Components
Figure 2
Attachment locations of wet cell battery electrodes on the body.
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